Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂)

CAS Number: 7446-09-5
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is a colorless gas with a sharp, choking odor produced by the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, smelting of sulfide ores, paper and pulp manufacturing, and refrigeration systems that use SO₂ as a refrigerant. It is a potent respiratory irritant that causes bronchoconstriction, coughing, and chest tightness, with asthmatics being particularly sensitive. Higher concentrations can cause severe airway damage and pulmonary edema. Workers in petroleum refining, sulfuric acid production, food preservation, wastewater treatment, and volcanic or geothermal environments face significant SO₂ exposure risk.

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) monitoring helps detect this corrosive, irritating gas so teams can respond quickly to leaks or process upsets before exposures become a problem. RAECO Rents gas monitors are bump tested or span calibrated on the day of shipment. Our team can help confirm the right monitor, alarms, and setup for the job, with fast turnaround and phone support so you can get reliable field readings quickly.

Regulatory Exposure Limits

Updated on March 09, 2026

OSHA PEL
TWA: 5 ppm (13 mg/m³)
STEL: N/A
C: N/A
NIOSH REL
TWA: 2 ppm (5 mg/m³)
STEL: 5 ppm (13 mg/m³)
C: N/A
ACGIH TLV
TWA: N/A
STEL: 0.25 ppm [2008]
C: N/A
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about
Can I rely on smell to warn me about sulfur dioxide (SO₂)?
Relying on odor, monitoring only at one convenient location, and assuming one day's conditions apply to the next. If SO₂ is credible, a repeatable monitoring routine is usually the safer approach.
Should I use a dedicated SO₂ monitor or add SO₂ to a multi-gas platform?
Use a dedicated SO₂ monitor when SO₂ is the primary concern and you want the best possible sensitivity and response time. Add SO₂ to a multi-gas platform when you also need to monitor other gases simultaneously (common in industrial settings, confined space entry, or stack emissions work) and the multi-gas sensitivity is sufficient for your application.
What should I know before renting for an SO₂ monitoring job?
Confirm the concentration range you expect: SO₂ sensors are available in low-range (ppm-level, for occupational exposure) and high-range (% level, for industrial process monitoring) versions. Know whether you need a dedicated SO₂ instrument or a multi-gas monitor with an SO₂ channel. Also confirm whether you need datalogging, whether the sensor has been recently calibrated with SO₂ span gas, and whether cross-sensitivity to H₂S or other sulfur compounds is a concern for your application.
When do I need continuous SO₂ monitoring versus spot checks?
Use continuous monitoring during active work near SO₂ sources (combustion, refining, smelting, volcanic activity) or when conditions can change. Spot checks are useful for initial screening and post-event verification, but won't protect workers from sudden releases.
Where should SO₂ monitors be worn or placed?
Wear personal monitors in the breathing zone (lapel/collar). Place area monitors near likely release points and downwind of sources. SO₂ is heavier than air, so low-level placements near the floor can also help in enclosed spaces.
What jobs typically require SO₂ monitoring?
Petroleum refining, sulfuric acid production, pulp and paper mills, smelting operations, wastewater treatment, volcanic hazard response, and emergency response where SO₂ release is a risk.
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